install-containerd-en

We install containerd first, then Kubernetes, then deploy KubeEdge, EdgeMesh, and Sedna, and run the official joint-inference demo.

Lab host: Debian GNU/Linux 12 (bookworm) x86_64, with proxy and apt mirrors already configured—proxy helps when downloading from GitHub.
Tip: give /var plenty of space when partitioning (at least ~20G); images and logs live there.

Installing containerd

Official guide: https://github.com/containerd/containerd/blob/main/docs/getting-started.md

Installing containerd

  1. Download containerd and extract to the target path
wget -c <https://github.com/containerd/containerd/releases/download/v1.7.18/containerd-1.7.18-linux-amd64.tar.gz>

sudo tar Cxzvf /usr/local/bin/ containerd-1.7.18-linux-amd64.tar.gz
  1. Start containerd with systemd
wget -c <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/containerd/containerd/main/containerd.service>

sudo mkdir -p /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/

sudo cp containerd.service /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/

sudo chmod 755 /usr/local/lib/systemd/system/containerd.service

sudo systemctl daemon-reload

sudo systemctl enable --now containerd
  1. Configure containerd

Dump the default config

sudo mkdir -p /etc/containerd/

containerd config default | sudo tee /etc/containerd/config.toml

(1) Edit sandbox_image (optional), systemd_cgroup, SystemdCgroup, etc. in config.toml:

# 将 sandbox_image = "registry.k8s.io/pause:3.6" 调整为
sandbox_image = "registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.9"

# 将 [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"] 下的 systemd_cgroup = false 注释掉
# systemd_cgroup = false

# 将 [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options] 下的 SystemdCgroup = false 调整为 true
SystemdCgroup = true

Match sandbox_image to your Kubernetes version (skip if you are not installing Kubernetes—the text above says 3.8 but the example list shows 3.9):

sudo kubeadm config images list --kubernetes-version v1.28.10
registry.k8s.io/kube-apiserver:v1.28.10
registry.k8s.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.28.10
registry.k8s.io/kube-scheduler:v1.28.10
registry.k8s.io/kube-proxy:v1.28.10
registry.k8s.io/pause:3.9
registry.k8s.io/etcd:3.5.12-0
registry.k8s.io/coredns/coredns:v1.10.1

(2) Pulling from a plain-HTTP private registry may error with Unable to pull image from insecure registry, http: server gave HTTP response to HTTPS client. Configure the registry (e.g. http://192.168.10.127:5000) like below—I didn’t hit this myself, but copied it from a reference for readers who might.

# 在 [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry] 下对 mirrors 和 mirrors 做如下配置
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors]
  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."192.168.10.127:5000"]
    endpoint = ["<https://192.168.10.127:5000>", "<http://192.168.10.127:5000>"]
[plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.configs]
  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.configs."192.168.10.127:5000".tls]     insecure_skip_verify = true

Mind the whitespace.

(3) I recommend adding domestic mirror endpoints for faster pulls.

Alibaba Cloud mirror: https://cr.console.aliyun.com/cn-hangzhou/instances/mirrors

Huawei Cloud: Container → SWR → image resources → mirror accelerator

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors] #主要在这下面配置镜像加速服务
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."docker.io"]
          endpoint=["https://****.mirror.aliyuncs.com","https://****.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."registry.k8s.io"]
          endpoint=["https://****.mirror.aliyuncs.com","https://****.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."192.168.10.127:5000"]
          endpoint = ["<https://192.168.10.127:5000>", "<http://192.168.10.127:5000>"]

Full sample after edits (replace mirror URLs with your own):

disabled_plugins = []
imports = []
oom_score = 0
plugin_dir = ""
required_plugins = []
root = "/var/lib/containerd"
state = "/run/containerd"
temp = ""
version = 2

[cgroup]
  path = ""

[debug]
  address = ""
  format = ""
  gid = 0
  level = ""
  uid = 0

[grpc]
  address = "/run/containerd/containerd.sock"
  gid = 0
  max_recv_message_size = 16777216
  max_send_message_size = 16777216
  tcp_address = ""
  tcp_tls_ca = ""
  tcp_tls_cert = ""
  tcp_tls_key = ""
  uid = 0

[metrics]
  address = ""
  grpc_histogram = false

[plugins]

  [plugins."io.containerd.gc.v1.scheduler"]
    deletion_threshold = 0
    mutation_threshold = 100
    pause_threshold = 0.02
    schedule_delay = "0s"
    startup_delay = "100ms"

  [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri"]
    device_ownership_from_security_context = false
    disable_apparmor = false
    disable_cgroup = false
    disable_hugetlb_controller = true
    disable_proc_mount = false
    disable_tcp_service = true
    enable_selinux = false
    enable_tls_streaming = false
    enable_unprivileged_icmp = false
    enable_unprivileged_ports = false
    ignore_image_defined_volumes = false
    max_concurrent_downloads = 3
    max_container_log_line_size = 16384
    netns_mounts_under_state_dir = false
    restrict_oom_score_adj = false
    sandbox_image = "registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.9"
    selinux_category_range = 1024
    stats_collect_period = 10
    stream_idle_timeout = "4h0m0s"
    stream_server_address = "127.0.0.1"
    stream_server_port = "0"
    #systemd_cgroup = false
    tolerate_missing_hugetlb_controller = true
    unset_seccomp_profile = ""

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".cni]
      bin_dir = "/opt/cni/bin"
      conf_dir = "/etc/cni/net.d"
      conf_template = ""
      ip_pref = ""
      max_conf_num = 1

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd]
      default_runtime_name = "runc"
      disable_snapshot_annotations = true
      discard_unpacked_layers = false
      ignore_rdt_not_enabled_errors = false
      no_pivot = false
      snapshotter = "overlayfs"

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime]
        base_runtime_spec = ""
        cni_conf_dir = ""
        cni_max_conf_num = 0
        container_annotations = []
        pod_annotations = []
        privileged_without_host_devices = false
        runtime_engine = ""
        runtime_path = ""
        runtime_root = ""
        runtime_type = ""

        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.default_runtime.options]

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes]

        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc]
          base_runtime_spec = ""
          cni_conf_dir = ""
          cni_max_conf_num = 0
          container_annotations = []
          pod_annotations = []
          privileged_without_host_devices = false
          runtime_engine = ""
          runtime_path = ""
          runtime_root = ""
          runtime_type = "io.containerd.runc.v2"

          [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.runtimes.runc.options]
            BinaryName = ""
            CriuImagePath = ""
            CriuPath = ""
            CriuWorkPath = ""
            IoGid = 0
            IoUid = 0
            NoNewKeyring = false
            NoPivotRoot = false
            Root = ""
            ShimCgroup = ""
            SystemdCgroup = true

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime]
        base_runtime_spec = ""
        cni_conf_dir = ""
        cni_max_conf_num = 0
        container_annotations = []
        pod_annotations = []
        privileged_without_host_devices = false
        runtime_engine = ""
        runtime_path = ""
        runtime_root = ""
        runtime_type = ""

        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".containerd.untrusted_workload_runtime.options]

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".image_decryption]
      key_model = "node"

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry]
      config_path = ""

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.auths]

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."docker.io"]
          endpoint=["https://*.mirror.aliyuncs.com","https://*.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."registry.k8s.io"]
          endpoint=["https://*.mirror.aliyuncs.com","https://*.mirror.swr.myhuaweicloud.com"]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.mirrors."192.168.10.127:5000"]
          endpoint = ["<https://192.168.10.127:5000>", "<http://192.168.10.127:5000>"]

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.configs]
        [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.configs."192.168.10.127:5000".tls]
          insecure_skip_verify = true

      [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".registry.headers]

    [plugins."io.containerd.grpc.v1.cri".x509_key_pair_streaming]
      tls_cert_file = ""
      tls_key_file = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.opt"]
    path = "/opt/containerd"

  [plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.restart"]
    interval = "10s"

  [plugins."io.containerd.internal.v1.tracing"]
    sampling_ratio = 1.0
    service_name = "containerd"

  [plugins."io.containerd.metadata.v1.bolt"]
    content_sharing_policy = "shared"

  [plugins."io.containerd.monitor.v1.cgroups"]
    no_prometheus = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux"]
    no_shim = false
    runtime = "runc"
    runtime_root = ""
    shim = "containerd-shim"
    shim_debug = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.runtime.v2.task"]
    platforms = ["linux/arm64/v8"]
    sched_core = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.diff-service"]
    default = ["walking"]

  [plugins."io.containerd.service.v1.tasks-service"]
    rdt_config_file = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.aufs"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.btrfs"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.devmapper"]
    async_remove = false
    base_image_size = ""
    discard_blocks = false
    fs_options = ""
    fs_type = ""
    pool_name = ""
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.native"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.overlayfs"]
    root_path = ""
    upperdir_label = false

  [plugins."io.containerd.snapshotter.v1.zfs"]
    root_path = ""

  [plugins."io.containerd.tracing.processor.v1.otlp"]
    endpoint = ""
    insecure = false
    protocol = ""

[proxy_plugins]

[stream_processors]

  [stream_processors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar"]
    accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+encrypted"]
    args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"]
    env = ["OCICRYPT_KEYPROVIDER_CONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicrypt_keyprovider.conf"]
    path = "ctd-decoder"
    returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar"

  [stream_processors."io.containerd.ocicrypt.decoder.v1.tar.gzip"]
    accepts = ["application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip+encrypted"]
    args = ["--decryption-keys-path", "/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/keys"]
    env = ["OCICRYPT_KEYPROVIDER_CONFIG=/etc/containerd/ocicrypt/ocicrypt_keyprovider.conf"]
    path = "ctd-decoder"
    returns = "application/vnd.oci.image.layer.v1.tar+gzip"

[timeouts]
  "io.containerd.timeout.bolt.open" = "0s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.shim.cleanup" = "5s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.shim.load" = "5s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.shim.shutdown" = "3s"
  "io.containerd.timeout.task.state" = "2s"

[ttrpc]
  address = ""
  gid = 0
  uid = 0

Restart containerd

sudo systemctl restart containerd

You can also set a proxy for containerd (with a working system proxy first):

vim /lib/systemd/system/containerd.service

Add (adjust ports for your proxy—I used Clash):

Environment="HTTP_PROXY=http://127.0.0.1:7890"
Environment="HTTPS_PROXY=http://127.0.0.1:7890"
Environment="NO_PROXY =10.96.0.0/16,127.0.0.1,192.168.0.0/16,localhost"

Installing runc

wget -c <https://github.com/opencontainers/runc/releases/download/v1.1.12/runc.amd64>

sudo install -m 755 runc.amd64 /usr/local/sbin/runc

I also had to add /usr/local/sbin to PATH—look up how for your shell.

Installing CNI plugins

sudo mkdir -p /opt/cni/bin

sudo tar Cxzvf /opt/cni/bin cni-plugins-linux-amd64-v1.4.1.tgz

Client

For Kubernetes we use crictl.

VERSION="v1.30.0"

wget <https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/cri-tools/releases/download/$VERSION/crictl-$VERSION-linux-amd64.tar.gz>

sudo tar zxvf crictl-$VERSION-linux-amd64.tar.gz -C /usr/local/bin

Config:

cat << EOF | sudo tee /etc/crictl.yaml runtime-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock image-endpoint: unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock timeout: 2 debug: true pull-image-on-create: false EOF

References